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雅思写作用词进阶之路小词可堪大用
词本无高低贵贱之分，可是在雅思写作中，偏偏有人鼓捣出了9分词汇，加分词汇的噱头，看似高大上，看似光鲜亮丽，其实一方面，极易误用，另一方面，滥用也会让文章浮夸而无法愉快阅读。所以如何合理地将大词与小词搭配使用，才是雅思写作词汇进阶的关键一步。请看本文分解。
让我们来看一篇雅思写作考官范文的用词：
It is important for children to learn the difference between right and wrong at an early age. Punishment is necessary to help them learn this distinction. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? What sort of punishment should parents and teachers be allowed to use to teach good behavior to children?
One important stage in a child’s growth is certainly the development of a conscience, which is linked to the ability to tell right from wrong. This skill comes with time and good parenting, and my conviction is that punishment does not have much of a role to play in this. Therefore I have to disagree almost entirely with the given statement.
To some extent the question depends on the age of the child. To punish a very young child is both wrong and foolish, as an infant will not understand what is happening or why he or she is being punished. Once the age of reason is reached however, a child can be rewarded for good behavior and discouraged from bad. This kind but firm approach will achieve more than harsh punishments, which might entail many negative consequences unintended by the parents.
To help a child learn the difference between right and wrong, teachers and parents should firstly provide good role modelling in their own behavior. After that, if sanctions are needed, the punishment should not be of a physical nature, as that merely sends the message that it is acceptable for larger people to hit smaller ones – an outcome which may well result in the child starting to bully others. Nor should the punishment be in any way cruel.
Rather, teachers and parents can use a variety of methods to discipline their young charges, such as detention, withdrawal of privileges, and time-out. Making the punishment fit the crime as a useful notion, which would see children being made to pick up rubbish they have dropped, clean up graffiti they have drawn, or apologise to someone they have hurt. In these days responsibility is developed in the child, which leads to much better future behavior than does punishment.
这篇文章是雅思写作教育类的一个话题，其中的关键词就是learn the difference between right and wrong，punishment等，这类大词在写文章过程中往往需要找到同义词进行替换，增加我们表达的多样性，避免重复率太高。
文章除了使用sanction等近义词之外，还巧妙地用一些比较具体的小词来对punishment做了替换，如第三段中用physical nature, hit等来表达体罚，第四段用detention, withdrawal of privileges, time-out等表达具体的惩罚形式，不仅词汇上多样化，也给出了具体的例子，比起全文都是空洞地只谈punishment一词要灵活很多。
对于difference between right and wrong这个比较复杂关键词的替换，很多学生都会觉得无从下手，因为这更难找到一个词去概括，也很难用句子解释。文中使用到了good behavior，responsibility等同样是比较具体的词去指代“good”，同时用 bully, rubbish, graffiti, hurt等行为去具体化“bad”，同样用小词代替大词，达到了词汇的多样化。
让我们再来看看一个题目里的用词之妙吧：
Countries are becoming more and more similar because people are able to buy the same products anywhere in the world.
Do you think this is a positive or negative development?
针对这样一道文化和经济社会以及全球化的题目，核心的一些名词可能会涉及产品、文化等，而对于像 product, culture这样抽象的雅思写作“大词”，虽然很常见，但往往是很难找到近义词来替换的，并且也很难用从句的形式来进一步解释;与此同时，如果重复使用的话，会显得比较单调。
那考官是怎么“变变变”的呢?
咱们先来看考官的范文：
It is said that countries are becoming similar to each other because of the global spread of the same products, which are now available for purchase almost anywhere. I strongly believe that this modern development is largely detrimental to culture and traditions worldwide.
A country’s history, language and ethos are all inextricably bound up in its manufactured artefacts. If the relentless advance of international brands into every corner of the world continues, these bland packages might one day completely oust the traditional objects of a nation, which would be a loss of richness and diversity in the world, as well as the sad disappearance of the manifestations of a place’s character. What would a Japanese tea ceremony be without its specially crafted teapot, or a Fijian kava ritual without its bowl made from a certain type of tree bark?
Let us not forget either that traditional products, whether these be medicines, cosmetics, toys, clothes, utensils or food, provide employment for local people. The spread of multinational products can often bring in its wake a loss of jobs, as people turn to buying the new brand, perhaps thinking it more glamorous than the one they are used to. This eventually puts old-school craftspeople out of work.
Finally, tourism numbers may also be affected, as travellers become disillusioned with finding every place just the same as the one they visited previously. To see the same products in shops the world over is boring, and does not impel visitors to open their wallets in the same way that trinkets or souvenirs unique to the particular area do.
Some may argue that all people are entitled to have access to the same products, but I say that local objects suit local conditions best, and that faceless uniformity worldwide is an unwelcome and dreary prospect.
考官在这里就用了一个列举的小技巧，用多个具体的“小词”来替换掉这些抽象的“大词”。
比如文章在开头段中提到这样的发展是对culture 和 traditions 有害的，而在主体段的第一句中作者将文化和商品联系起来的时候，用的词就是history, language and ethos(道德观)，这三者是文化的三方面，三个名词的并列又基本足以代表文化。
与之类似的，在文章的第三段和第四段中，作者又用了medicines, cosmetics(化妆品), toys, clothes, utensils(器皿) or food这一系列的词和trinkets(小装饰物) or souvenirs来代表与 product 相关的概念。这样的用法除了避免重复、使词汇更加丰富多样之外，还可以针对要表达的论点给出更准确的例证，比如medicines, cosmetics, toys, clothes, utensils or food涵盖生活的各个方面，体现出对各行各业就业的影响;而trinkets or souvenirs则又与旅游紧密相关。
2类雅思小作文常见错误分析 斩获7+高分不是梦
雅思小作文常见错误之描述数据变化趋势时主语误用
数据变化类图表(比如表格、柱状图、饼状图和线形图)，常常需要描述某数据的变化趋势。以下题为例：
WRITING TASK 1 (剑9 Test 4 Task 1)
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The graph below gives information from a 2008 report about consumption of energyin the USA since 1980 with projections until 2030.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
在上面的线形图中，观察Petrol and Oil这条线。一般来讲考生能够很明确的看到该数据的变化趋势，即整体上升，虽然在一开始这个数据是存在波动的。于是大多数考生就会写出下面的语句：
Petrol and oil increase from 1980 to 2030, despite initial fluctuations.
虽然上面的语句在描述趋势时选择了正确的谓语动词以及相应的趋势名词，但是该句仍然是错误的。错在主语。在描述数据变化趋势时，广大考生一定要擦亮眼睛，并不是所有的名词都能够作为变化趋势的主语，比如这道题目中上升或者波动的其实并不是汽油和石油，而是它们的消耗量。因此本句应该是这样的：
The consumption of petrol and oil increases from 1980 to 2030, despite initial fluctuations.
当然，除了这里的“消耗量”可以作为趋势变化的主语，其实还有很多名词都可以充当主语，比如：the size of …(…的尺寸); the number/ amount/quantity of … (…的数量); the figure for(…的数据); the percentage/ proportion of… (…的百分数); the spending/consumption/expense/ expenditure of/on… (…在某方面的花销); the sales of …(…的销量); the passenger kilometers/ distance travelled by… (…通过某种交通工具所实现的里程数)等等。
同样的情况在看下面的这道题目：
WRITING TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The graph below shows the size of the ozone hole over Antarctica from 1980 to 2000.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
对于考生来说看清本图中ozone hole(臭氧层空洞)尺寸的变化趋势很容易，即整体呈上升趋势然后中间有部分是下降的，但是在具体书写时有可能遗忘真正变化的主体是尺寸而不是ozone hole(臭氧层空洞)本身。于是就会看到下面的语句：
Ozone hole rose from 1980 to 2000, although it decreased between 1990 and 1993.
上面的语句是错误的，发生变化的主体并不是ozone hole(臭氧层空洞)而是它的尺寸，应该改为：
The size of ozone hole rose from 1980 to 2000, although it decreased between 1990 and 1993.
雅思小作文常见错误之时态混乱
在描写变化趋势或者是具体数据时，考生往往会忽略谓语动词的正确性。所以广大考生一定要注意时态要用正确，句子的时态要依照图表的具体时间来确定。
以下题为例：
WRITING TASK 1 (剑9 Test 2 Task 1)
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The chart below shows the total number of minutes (in billions) of telephone calls in the UK, divided into three categories, from 1995-2002.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
在描述local-fixed line的数据变化趋势时，一般的考生都能够看到该数据呈现先上升在下降的变化趋势，但是在具体书写时却往往容易忽视图表上的时间是从1995年到2002年，因此本来这里描述趋势的语句应该选用一般过去时。因此，他们会写出下面的语句：
The figure for local-fixed line increase from 1995 to 1999 before decreasing between 1999 and 2002.
可以看到在描写变化趋势时，主语用的是很恰当的，可以谓语部分“increase”就出错了。没有考虑到图表的时间是发生在过去应该用“increase”的一般过去时的形式“increased”。所以上面的句子应该改为：
The figure for local-fixed line increased from 1995 to 1999 before decreasing between 1999 and 2002.
除了上面图表中的这种情况，时间全部发生在过去，因此谓语动词用一般过去式。还有可能会遇到下面的这三种情况：
1. 图表的时间是从过去到现在并延续到了将来。
这种情况下，考生可以选用的时态有两种，第一种一般现在时;第二种现在完成进行时。首先，用一般现在时是因为该时间段包含了过去、现在和将来，因此这就是对一般性事实的陈述，用一般现在时是很合理的。其次，之所以可以用现在完成进行时是因为该时态本身就是用来描述一个从过去发生到现在并将延续到将来的行为。
一般现在时简单，一般的考生都能够写出来，如若是要写现在完成进行时有可能就摸不着头脑了，该时态是这样的，Have/has been doing。
2. 图表的时间是从过去到现在。
这种情况，考生就用现在完成时，Have/has done。
3. 图表的时间是从现在到将来。
这种情况下，可以有两种写法。首先，可以用一般将来时;其次，可以用表示预测的一般现在时，比如is expected/projected/predicted to do。
综上所述，本文就雅思写作Task1中考生常犯的两大错误进行了总结，希望广大考生能够克服这些问题，考出好的成绩。
有始须有终 雅思大作文结尾段完美写法实例讲解
雅思大作文结尾段写法之“烂招”救急
在巨大的时间压力下，很可能你没有来得及写末段，请记住这个“烂招”：写下In conclusion, I personally believe that ……, 在省略号部分抄上原题的观点。比如最近有一道考题：Some people think that economic progress is the most important way to measure a country's success. Other people think other factors are also important. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
在剩下最后一分钟时写下：In conclusion, personally, I believe that economic progress is not the most important way to measure a country’s success, and other facts must be taken into consideration.
这个末段给人一种强烈的“扣题”感，理由很明显，紧紧地扣住题目啦!
雅思大作文结尾段写法之高招体现缜密思维
“烂招”其实在某种程度上不赖。但是对于追求真正写作能力的同学，想要写出“圆满的回响”。这个词是我们接下来讨论的关键。首先，我们必须区分“repeat”和“echo””的末段，那就要明白一个基本道理：有始才有终，善始才能善终!映射到雅思作文上，这句话的意思是：写好了首段和主体段，才能够写出“圆满”的末段。下面给各位烤鸭仔细分析一下末段与首段之间的关系，末段与主体段之间的关系。
首先需要给大家介绍一个词汇——回响，英文对应为echo，名词表示“回声”，动词表。Echo表示意义一致，但是使用不同的说法让读者能够想起前面陈述过的内容，而低级repeat指的是copy，高级repeat指的是paraphrase。
圆满的末段做到“首尾呼应”
雅思大作文末段回响首段立场
(The concluding paragraph echoes the thesis statement in the opening paragraph)
大部分的考生都已经达到一种共识：在大作文的首段给出自己对话题的立场(take a clear position)，这其实就是全文的主题思想thesis statement。文章剩余部分的使命就是论证主题思想的合理性，使用解释，举例，对比等方式论证。对于这个使命，雅思大作文结尾段的贡献在哪里呢?
末段不能再引入新的论据，而是通过总结性质再次提出自己的立场，告知读者使命已经完成。我们以C8T1的考官范文为例。
Some people think that parents should teach children how to be a good member of society. Others, however, believe that school is the place to learn this. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
考官在首段提出了自己的立场“Therefore, this can not be the responsibility of the parent alone”这个thesis经过主体段的辩证论证之后，作者在末段写上了“and it is the responsibility of every member of a sciety to take responsibility for helping the younger generation to become active and able member of that society.”
有的考生可能会讲这不就是“paraphrase the thesis in the opening paragraph”吗?笔者认为不是的。在写末段时切记“Do not, in any case, simply restate your thesis statement in your final paragraph, as that would be redundant. Having read your essay, we should understand this main thought with fresh and deeper understanding ”对比以上考官的两句话，我们就能够明白“deeper understanding”。“把孩子教程积极向上，有能力有理想的公民不是家长和老师可以互相推诿的责任，而是整个社会的不可推卸的责任”，这比首段的立场要深刻很多。
圆满的雅思大作文末段做到“余音绕梁”
末段回响主体段要点
“余音绕梁”对于问题解决型的文章尤为重要。以C8T3的一篇考官范文为例：
Increasing the price of petrol is the best way to solve growing traffic and pollution problems. To what extent do you agree or disagree? What other measures do you think might be effective?
本题有两问，考官在首段先回答了第一问“Solving this problem is likely to need more than a simple rise in the price of petrol.” 这一立场在第二段中得到充分的论证，从而也有了回答第二个问题的基础——给出其他能够解决交通问题的方案。在文中，考官提出“develop cleaner fuels”和 “improve public transport”这两个方案。
末段不能再提出新的方案，“It is a good idea to recapitulate what you said in order to suggest to your reader that you have accomplished what you set out to accomplish.”。 所以考官写道“I think the long term traffic and pollution reductions would depend on educating the public to use public transport more, and on governments using public money to construct and run efficient systems”考官在末段中做到了“首尾呼应”——“the reduction depend on …”照应了首段的“Solving this problem is likely to need more than a simple rise in the price of petrol.”，“余音绕梁”——在此提及“public transport”和比较隐晦的提及“cleaner fuels”.
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